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مسلمانان ترکزبان
3 Sinkiang, 1 931-3: the rebellion of the Turkic-speaking Muslims of the south 63
Tatar intellectual Isma'il Bay Gasprinskiy, a series of religious, cultural and educational reforms were introduced with the aim of 'reinterpreting' Islamic law in response to contemporary conditions (Ar. ijtihad) and, ultimately, of uniting the various Turkic-speaking Muslims of Central Asia in response to Russian domination.41
As early as 1909 Sir George Macartney, the British Consul-General at Kashgar, had warned that the Chinese would have to 'take into account' pan-Islamic influences which were awakening amongst the Turkic-speaking Muslims of the province.50 Macartney's warning was certainly based in part on his personal acquaintance with one Husayn Bay Bachcha, a 'widely read' millionaire merchant of Artush who had travelled extensively in Europe.
Where reforms in the system were made (as with the attempt to abolish ula), Yang was simply acting to prevent a possible rising amongst his Turkic-speaking Muslim subjects; he realised (as with the case of Ma T'i-t'ai) that there was a limit beyond which the indigenous peoples of Sinkiang could not, safely, be pushed.
In this way locally resident Chinese merchants were prevented from exporting profits to China without importing in return; the same criteria applied to Turkic-speaking Muslims trading with Western Turkestan.
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